mstd_mutex: Add missing Chrono bits

Remove ARMC5 reference from Mbed OS platform

mbed_retarget: Add a minimal console implementation to provide basic functionalities ...

The retarget code allocates an array of FileHandle* for console and file
handling (filehandles). A tiny target only needs a console (putc/getc).
There is no need for file handling.

The POSIX layer and the array of FileHandle* is not required for small
targets that only need a console ; this code is optionally compiled
out if the configuration parameter platform.stdio-minimal-console-only is
set to `"true"`.

Add <mstd_mutex> ...

Add add-standard-as-possible version of C++11 <mutex>.

A lot of the stuff in there is generic, but the actual mutex classes and
call_once need to interface with the OS.

For those, they're not available in ARMC5 or IAR; retargetting would be
necessary for ARMC6 and GCC, and I've yet to investigate how whether
that's possible. So for now I'm using local implementations.

Although `Mutex` in principle could support `timed_mutex` and
`recursive_timed_mutex`, we don't have `chrono` for the time parameters,
so hold off for now.

For the generic stuff like mstd::unique_lock, they are aliased to
std::unique_lock where possible.